[{"t":"Consent and the Right to Decline","u":"/posts/lb-consent-and-the-right-to-decline.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":158,"d":"01:03","o":0,"x":"An interview is a voluntary exchange, and that voluntary quality is easy to erode without anyone quite intending it: through social pressure, through a sense of..."},{"t":"The Off the Record Agreement","u":"/posts/lb-the-off-the-record-agreement.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":159,"d":"01:04","o":1,"x":"An agreement that something is off the record is a serious undertaking, not a casual phrase exchanged in passing, and it needs to be genuinely understood by both parties..."},{"t":"Protecting a Vulnerable Subject","u":"/posts/lb-protecting-a-vulnerable-subject.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":159,"d":"01:04","o":2,"x":"Some subjects carry less power in an interview than others: through age, through distress, through unfamiliarity with how their words might be used once the sitting is..."},{"t":"The Power Imbalance in an Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-power-imbalance-in-an-interview.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":160,"d":"01:04","o":3,"x":"An interviewer typically holds more power in a conversation than a subject realises in the moment: control over the questions asked, the framing applied, and ultimately..."},{"t":"Editing a Quote Without Changing Its Meaning","u":"/posts/lb-editing-a-quote-without-changing-its-meaning.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":166,"d":"01:06","o":4,"x":"Trimming a quote for length or clarity is common and generally acceptable practice, but the edited version carries a real obligation: it must still represent what the..."},{"t":"Cultural Sensitivity in Questioning","u":"/posts/lb-cultural-sensitivity-in-questioning.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":166,"d":"01:06","o":5,"x":"A question that lands as perfectly ordinary in one cultural context can feel intrusive, disrespectful, or simply confusing in another, and an interviewer working across..."},{"t":"Interviewing Children","u":"/posts/lb-interviewing-children.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":174,"d":"01:10","o":6,"x":"Children require an approach substantially different from interviewing adults: simpler language, careful attention to whether they genuinely understand what they are..."},{"t":"Interviewing Survivors of Trauma","u":"/posts/lb-interviewing-survivors-of-trauma.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":174,"d":"01:10","o":7,"x":"Speaking with someone who has lived through a genuinely traumatic experience demands particular care: pacing that follows the subject's own comfort rather than a fixed..."},{"t":"The Duty to Check a Claim","u":"/posts/lb-the-duty-to-check-a-claim.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":171,"d":"01:08","o":8,"x":"A subject's confident assertion of a fact is not the same thing as a verified fact, and an interviewer who repeats a claim without checking it, simply because it was..."},{"t":"Avoiding the Entrapment Question","u":"/posts/lb-avoiding-the-entrapment-question.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":168,"d":"01:07","o":9,"x":"A question deliberately constructed so that any answer damages the subject, regardless of what they actually say, crosses from legitimate challenge into something closer..."},{"t":"Disclosing the Interviewer's Own Bias","u":"/posts/lb-disclosing-the-interviewers-own-bias.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":165,"d":"01:06","o":10,"x":"No interviewer approaches a conversation entirely without perspective, and pretending otherwise is less honest than acknowledging, at least to oneself and sometimes to..."},{"t":"Anonymity and Its Limits","u":"/posts/lb-anonymity-and-its-limits.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":165,"d":"01:06","o":11,"x":"Promising a subject anonymity protects them from consequences they might otherwise face for speaking candidly, but that promise carries real obligations: careful removal..."},{"t":"The Right to Review Before Publication","u":"/posts/lb-the-right-to-review-before-publication.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":159,"d":"01:04","o":12,"x":"Some subjects request the chance to review their quotes before a piece is published, and different traditions within interviewing treat this request quite differently..."},{"t":"Compensation and Its Complications","u":"/posts/lb-compensation-and-its-complications.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":164,"d":"01:06","o":13,"x":"Paying a subject for an interview raises a genuine ethical question: does the payment risk shaping what they say, consciously or not, to please whoever is providing the..."},{"t":"Interviewing Across a Power Gradient","u":"/posts/lb-interviewing-across-a-power-gradient.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":158,"d":"01:03","o":14,"x":"A subject speaking about someone who holds power over them, an employer, a superior, an institution, faces real risk in candour that a more neutral conversation would..."},{"t":"The Ethics of the Ambush Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-ethics-of-the-ambush-interview.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":162,"d":"01:05","o":15,"x":"Approaching a subject unannounced, without the usual preparation or consent process, can occasionally serve a genuine public purpose, but the technique carries real..."},{"t":"Respecting the Right Not to Answer","u":"/posts/lb-respecting-the-right-not-to-answer.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":170,"d":"01:08","o":16,"x":"A subject who declines to answer a particular question is exercising a legitimate right, not committing a failure of the interview, and an ethical interviewer accepts..."},{"t":"Recording Without Disclosure","u":"/posts/lb-recording-without-disclosure.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":164,"d":"01:06","o":17,"x":"Recording a conversation without a subject's knowledge sits at the far edge of acceptable practice within most ethical frameworks, justified, if at all, only in narrow..."},{"t":"Cultural Protocols Around Eye Contact","u":"/posts/lb-cultural-protocols-around-eye-contact.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":166,"d":"01:06","o":18,"x":"Sustained eye contact reads as attentive and respectful in some cultural contexts and as confrontational or disrespectful in others, and an interviewer unaware of this..."},{"t":"The Ethics of Paraphrase in Translation","u":"/posts/lb-the-ethics-of-paraphrase-in-translation.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":158,"d":"01:03","o":19,"x":"Translating an answer inevitably involves some degree of paraphrase, since languages rarely map onto each other with perfect precision, and deciding how much latitude a..."},{"t":"Rapport Without Manipulation","u":"/posts/lb-rapport-without-manipulation.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":159,"d":"01:04","o":20,"x":"Building genuine warmth and trust with a subject makes for a better interview, but that same warmth can be deliberately exploited to draw out material a subject would..."},{"t":"Publishing an Unflattering Answer","u":"/posts/lb-publishing-an-unflattering-answer.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":172,"d":"01:09","o":21,"x":"A subject's own words, honestly given, sometimes reflect poorly on them once published, and an interviewer faces a genuine ethical question about whether to include such..."},{"t":"Care After a Difficult Interview","u":"/posts/lb-care-after-a-difficult-interview.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":165,"d":"01:06","o":22,"x":"An interview that has covered genuinely difficult territory does not end the moment the recording stops. Checking in with a subject afterward, offering a moment to..."},{"t":"Interviewing on Behalf of an Employer","u":"/posts/lb-interviewing-on-behalf-of-an-employer.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":169,"d":"01:08","o":23,"x":"An interviewer conducting a conversation on behalf of an organisation, rather than as an independent party, carries a particular obligation to be transparent about that..."},{"t":"Boundaries Around Personal Questions","u":"/posts/lb-boundaries-around-personal-questions.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":167,"d":"01:07","o":24,"x":"Not every question that would help a story is a question that deserves to be asked. Genuine public value should weigh against a subject's reasonable expectation of..."},{"t":"Persistence Versus Pressure","u":"/posts/lb-persistence-versus-pressure.html","c":"ethics-of-the-chair","cn":"Ethics of the chair","w":161,"d":"01:04","o":25,"x":"A single follow up question, gently pressing a subject who has given an incomplete answer, is a legitimate and often necessary part of good interviewing. Repeated..."},{"t":"The Exit Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-exit-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":188,"d":"01:15","o":26,"x":"The exit interview sits at an unusual moment: someone is leaving a role or an organisation and has, at least in theory, less to lose by speaking candidly than they did..."},{"t":"The Oral History Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-oral-history-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":188,"d":"01:15","o":27,"x":"Oral history asks a different question than most interview formats: not what happened in a single event, but how an entire stretch of a life or a period was lived and..."},{"t":"The Vox Pop","u":"/posts/lb-the-vox-pop.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":193,"d":"01:17","o":28,"x":"The vox pop trades depth for breadth: brief, informal questions put to many different people, usually strangers, to gather a spread of quick opinions on a single topic..."},{"t":"The Press Conference","u":"/posts/lb-the-press-conference.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":186,"d":"01:14","o":29,"x":"Unlike a one to one sitting, the press conference format puts many interviewers into competition for limited time with a single subject. Questions arrive in quick..."},{"t":"The Long Form Sit Down","u":"/posts/lb-the-long-form-sit-down.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":187,"d":"01:15","o":30,"x":"Given enough time, an hour or more rather than a few brisk minutes, an interview can move through phases that a shorter format never reaches: the guarded opening, a..."},{"t":"The Panel Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-panel-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":153,"d":"01:01","o":31,"x":"A panel interview places a single subject in front of several questioners at once, each bringing their own angle and priorities to the conversation. The format tests a..."},{"t":"The Profile Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-profile-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":164,"d":"01:06","o":32,"x":"A profile interview aims at something broader than any single answer: a rounded portrait of a person, built from many smaller conversations, observed details, and the..."},{"t":"The Deposition Style of Questioning","u":"/posts/lb-the-deposition-style-of-questioning.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":161,"d":"01:04","o":33,"x":"Borrowed loosely from legal practice, the deposition style relies on precise, narrowly scoped questions asked in a strict sequence, designed to build an exact and..."},{"t":"The Roundtable Conversation","u":"/posts/lb-the-roundtable-conversation.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":180,"d":"01:12","o":34,"x":"A roundtable brings several subjects together at once, with the interviewer acting less as the sole source of questions and more as a moderator, steering a conversation..."},{"t":"The Walk and Talk Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-walk-and-talk-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":163,"d":"01:05","o":35,"x":"Conducted on the move rather than seated across a table, the walk and talk interview often produces a looser, more conversational tone than a formal sitting would..."},{"t":"The Written Questionnaire Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-written-questionnaire-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":155,"d":"01:02","o":36,"x":"Sending questions in advance for a subject to answer in writing, rather than in a spoken conversation, sacrifices spontaneity for a different kind of precision: a..."},{"t":"The Live Broadcast Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-live-broadcast-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":168,"d":"01:07","o":37,"x":"Broadcast live, without the safety net of an edit afterward, this format demands a particular kind of composure from both interviewer and subject. Every stumble, every..."},{"t":"The Pre-recorded and Edited Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-pre-recorded-and-edited-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":178,"d":"01:11","o":38,"x":"Recording an interview for later editing changes the dynamic in the room: both parties know that stumbles, tangents, or a poorly phrased question can be trimmed away..."},{"t":"The Job Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-job-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":166,"d":"01:06","o":39,"x":"Unlike most interview formats, the job interview exists explicitly to evaluate rather than simply to gather information, which changes the incentives on both sides: the..."},{"t":"The Audition Style Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-audition-style-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":165,"d":"01:06","o":40,"x":"Closer to a demonstration than a conversation, the audition style interview asks a subject to perform a skill or capability directly, in real time, rather than simply..."},{"t":"The Intake Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-intake-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":183,"d":"01:13","o":41,"x":"The intake interview exists to gather the essential facts of a new situation quickly: a new client, a new patient, a new case. Warmth matters, but the primary purpose is..."},{"t":"The Formal Inquiry Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-formal-inquiry-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":170,"d":"01:08","o":42,"x":"Conducted as part of a structured investigation, the formal inquiry interview follows established procedure closely, with careful attention to fairness, documentation..."},{"t":"The Academic Research Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-academic-research-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":174,"d":"01:10","o":43,"x":"Designed to generate data for scholarly analysis rather than a publishable quote, the academic research interview follows a protocol developed in advance, often reviewed..."},{"t":"The Survey Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-survey-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":166,"d":"01:06","o":44,"x":"Closer to structured data collection than open conversation, the survey interview asks the same fixed questions of many people, in the same order, to allow their answers..."},{"t":"The Exit Poll Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-exit-poll-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":177,"d":"01:11","o":45,"x":"Brief by necessity, the exit poll interview catches a subject in the moments just after a decision has been made, asking a small number of quick questions before the..."},{"t":"The Debate Style Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-debate-style-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":176,"d":"01:10","o":46,"x":"Structured around opposing positions, the debate style interview asks a subject to defend a stance against active challenge, with the interviewer deliberately playing..."},{"t":"The Group Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-group-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":181,"d":"01:12","o":47,"x":"Interviewing several subjects together, rather than one at a time, changes the social dynamics considerably: individuals respond not only to the interviewer's questions..."},{"t":"The Phone Screen","u":"/posts/lb-the-phone-screen.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":176,"d":"01:10","o":48,"x":"Typically brief and narrowly focused, the phone screen exists to establish whether a longer conversation is worth having at all, filtering quickly before committing more..."},{"t":"Structured Versus Unstructured Formats","u":"/posts/lb-structured-versus-unstructured-formats.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":169,"d":"01:08","o":49,"x":"A structured interview follows a fixed set of questions in a fixed order for every subject, prioritising consistency and comparability. An unstructured interview follows..."},{"t":"The Crisis Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-crisis-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":182,"d":"01:13","o":50,"x":"Conducted in the immediate aftermath of an unfolding or recent difficult event, the crisis interview demands particular sensitivity: a subject may be in genuine..."},{"t":"The Retrospective Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-retrospective-interview.html","c":"famous-formats","cn":"Famous formats","w":181,"d":"01:12","o":51,"x":"Looking back on an event or period from a considerable distance, the retrospective interview trades the immediacy of a crisis interview for the reflection that only time..."},{"t":"The Newspaper Origins of the Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-newspaper-origins-of-the-interview.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":162,"d":"01:05","o":52,"x":"The interview as a recognisable published form grew alongside the wider newspaper press, as editors realised that a subject's own words, quoted directly, carried an..."},{"t":"Radio and the Rise of the Spoken Interview","u":"/posts/lb-radio-and-the-rise-of-the-spoken-interview.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":156,"d":"01:02","o":53,"x":"When broadcast radio brought the human voice into homes at scale, the interview gained a dimension that print alone could never offer: tone, pace, and the small..."},{"t":"Television's Transformation of the Sit Down","u":"/posts/lb-televisions-transformation-of-the-sit-down.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":169,"d":"01:08","o":54,"x":"Television added a visual dimension that radio alone could never offer, letting an audience read a subject's expression alongside their words. The interview, once a..."},{"t":"The Oral History Movement","u":"/posts/lb-the-oral-history-movement.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":166,"d":"01:06","o":55,"x":"A deliberate effort grew, over time, to systematically capture the memories of ordinary people, not only prominent figures, recognising that valuable historical..."},{"t":"Interviewing in Ethnography","u":"/posts/lb-interviewing-in-ethnography.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":163,"d":"01:05","o":56,"x":"Researchers studying communities and cultures developed interviewing methods distinct from journalism's faster pace, often embedding themselves within a community over..."},{"t":"The Influence of the Therapeutic Conversation","u":"/posts/lb-the-influence-of-the-therapeutic-conversation.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":166,"d":"01:06","o":57,"x":"Techniques developed originally within therapeutic settings, reflective listening, careful attention to what goes unsaid, non-judgemental questioning, gradually..."},{"t":"Courtroom Examination as an Ancestor","u":"/posts/lb-courtroom-examination-as-an-ancestor.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":174,"d":"01:10","o":58,"x":"Long before the modern interview took shape, courtroom examination had already developed many of its core techniques: careful sequencing of questions, attention to..."},{"t":"Letters as a Precursor to the Interview","u":"/posts/lb-letters-as-a-precursor-to-the-interview.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":173,"d":"01:09","o":59,"x":"Long before the spoken interview became common practice, written correspondence served a similar function: an exchange of questions and answers, carried out slowly..."},{"t":"The Rise of the Long Profile","u":"/posts/lb-the-rise-of-the-long-profile.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":165,"d":"01:06","o":60,"x":"As publications found appetite among readers for something deeper than a brief news item, the long profile emerged: an extended piece built from many hours of interview..."},{"t":"Interviewing During Wartime Reporting","u":"/posts/lb-interviewing-during-wartime-reporting.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":166,"d":"01:06","o":61,"x":"Conducted under conditions of genuine danger and uncertainty, wartime interviews developed a particular urgency and compression: questions had to matter immediately..."},{"t":"The Podcast Return to Long Conversation","u":"/posts/lb-the-podcast-return-to-long-conversation.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":167,"d":"01:07","o":62,"x":"After decades of formats pushing toward brevity, driven by shrinking attention spans and tighter broadcast slots, the rise of the podcast brought a genuine return to..."},{"t":"The Interview in Political Campaigning","u":"/posts/lb-the-interview-in-political-campaigning.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":172,"d":"01:09","o":63,"x":"Political campaigns transformed the interview into a carefully managed exchange, with subjects extensively coached and interviewers often working against considerable..."},{"t":"Origins of the Workplace Interview","u":"/posts/lb-origins-of-the-workplace-interview.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":165,"d":"01:06","o":64,"x":"As organisations grew larger and more formal through the twentieth century, structured methods for assessing candidates for a role developed alongside them, drawing on..."},{"t":"The Market Research Interview","u":"/posts/lb-the-market-research-interview.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":152,"d":"01:01","o":65,"x":"Businesses seeking to understand consumer preference developed their own interviewing tradition, distinct from journalism, focused on gathering structured, comparable..."},{"t":"Evolution of the Talk Show Conversation","u":"/posts/lb-evolution-of-the-talk-show-conversation.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":156,"d":"01:02","o":66,"x":"The talk show format blended entertainment with genuine conversation, developing a particular hybrid style: warm, often humorous, yet still capable of drawing out real..."},{"t":"Interviewing in Documentary Film","u":"/posts/lb-interviewing-in-documentary-film.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":166,"d":"01:06","o":67,"x":"Documentary filmmaking added a visual and durational dimension to interviewing distinct even from television: subjects filmed over extended periods, sometimes returning..."},{"t":"The Interview as a Diplomatic Tool","u":"/posts/lb-the-interview-as-a-diplomatic-tool.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":168,"d":"01:07","o":68,"x":"Beyond journalism, the interview has long served as a means of formal exchange between representatives of different nations or institutions, a carefully structured..."},{"t":"From Stenography to Recorded Tape","u":"/posts/lb-from-stenography-to-recorded-tape.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":159,"d":"01:04","o":69,"x":"Before reliable recording technology existed, interviewers relied on shorthand and memory to capture a conversation, a method considerably more prone to error and..."},{"t":"The Interview in Early Newsreels","u":"/posts/lb-the-interview-in-early-newsreels.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":161,"d":"01:04","o":70,"x":"Shown before feature films in cinemas, early newsreels brought moving images of public figures speaking directly to audiences who had previously only read their words in..."},{"t":"Interviewing Traditions Across Press Cultures","u":"/posts/lb-interviewing-traditions-across-press-cultures.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":161,"d":"01:04","o":71,"x":"Different press traditions around the world developed distinct conventions around interviewing: varying expectations about directness, formality, and how aggressively a..."},{"t":"The Interview in Memoir Research","u":"/posts/lb-the-interview-in-memoir-research.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":169,"d":"01:08","o":72,"x":"Writers working on memoir or biography often rely heavily on interviews, both with the central subject and with people who knew them, to build a fuller account than..."},{"t":"The Survey Interview and Social Science","u":"/posts/lb-the-survey-interview-and-social-science.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":151,"d":"01:00","o":73,"x":"Social scientists developed the survey interview as a tool for understanding broad patterns of belief and behaviour across large populations, prioritising..."},{"t":"Ethics Learned From Institutional Interviewing","u":"/posts/lb-ethics-learned-from-institutional-interviewing.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":159,"d":"01:04","o":74,"x":"Formal institutional settings, research bodies, government agencies, and similar organisations, developed detailed ethical protocols around interviewing over time, often..."},{"t":"The Interview's Role in Reconciliation Processes","u":"/posts/lb-the-interviews-role-in-reconciliation-processes.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":164,"d":"01:06","o":75,"x":"In efforts to reckon honestly with past harm, formal interviews have served as a means of gathering testimony, creating a public record of experiences that might..."},{"t":"The Rise of the Video Interview Online","u":"/posts/lb-the-rise-of-the-video-interview-online.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":158,"d":"01:03","o":76,"x":"Widespread access to video technology and online publishing platforms opened the interview format to a far broader range of practitioners than traditional broadcast ever..."},{"t":"How the Interview Became Its Own Genre","u":"/posts/lb-how-the-interview-became-its-own-genre.html","c":"interview-history","cn":"Interview history","w":163,"d":"01:05","o":77,"x":"What began as a tool serving other purposes, gathering facts for a news story, evaluating a candidate, recording testimony, gradually became recognised as a genre in its..."},{"t":"The Basics of Active Listening","u":"/posts/lb-the-basics-of-active-listening.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":192,"d":"01:17","o":78,"x":"Active listening is less a technique than a posture: giving full attention to what is being said, rather than dividing that attention between listening and composing the..."},{"t":"Listening for What Is Left Unsaid","u":"/posts/lb-listening-for-what-is-left-unsaid.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":193,"d":"01:17","o":79,"x":"An answer is defined as much by its gaps as by its content. A subject who describes an entire project in detail but skips over one particular week has usually skipped it..."},{"t":"Taking Notes Without Losing the Thread","u":"/posts/lb-taking-notes-without-losing-the-thread.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":195,"d":"01:18","o":80,"x":"Writing while listening is a genuine skill, not a simple multitasking trick. Note taking that captures a phrase or two, without dropping full attention on the speaker..."},{"t":"The Pause Before Responding","u":"/posts/lb-the-pause-before-responding.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":184,"d":"01:14","o":81,"x":"A short pause after a subject finishes speaking, before the interviewer responds, does two things at once. It gives the subject room to add anything further if they are..."},{"t":"Listening for Repeated Words","u":"/posts/lb-listening-for-repeated-words.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":193,"d":"01:17","o":82,"x":"People tend to return to certain words without noticing they are doing it, and those repetitions often point toward what genuinely matters to them. A subject who keeps..."},{"t":"Body Language as a Form of Listening","u":"/posts/lb-body-language-as-a-form-of-listening.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":151,"d":"01:00","o":83,"x":"Listening is not only an activity for the ears. A shift in posture, a hand that stills mid gesture, a gaze that drops before a difficult sentence: all of it carries..."},{"t":"Listening Without Planning the Next Question","u":"/posts/lb-listening-without-planning-the-next-question.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":156,"d":"01:02","o":84,"x":"The most common failure of attention in an interview is not distraction from outside the room but distraction from within it: an interviewer mentally drafting the next..."},{"t":"Telling Hesitation From Evasion","u":"/posts/lb-telling-hesitation-from-evasion.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":154,"d":"01:02","o":85,"x":"A pause before an answer can mean careful thought, genuine difficulty recalling a detail, or a deliberate stall while a subject decides how much to say. These three..."},{"t":"Listening for a Change in Tone","u":"/posts/lb-listening-for-a-change-in-tone.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":158,"d":"01:03","o":86,"x":"Across a long interview, a subject's voice settles into a kind of baseline: a typical pace, a typical warmth or reserve. A sudden departure from that baseline, a voice..."},{"t":"The Mirroring Technique","u":"/posts/lb-the-mirroring-technique.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":163,"d":"01:05","o":87,"x":"Repeating the last few words a subject has said, in a tone that invites them to continue, is one of the oldest and simplest listening techniques available. It costs..."},{"t":"Listening Across a Translator","u":"/posts/lb-listening-across-a-translator.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":153,"d":"01:01","o":88,"x":"An interview conducted through a translator adds a layer between the interviewer and the subject's actual words, and genuine listening in that setting means attending..."},{"t":"Listening in a Noisy Room","u":"/posts/lb-listening-in-a-noisy-room.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":171,"d":"01:08","o":89,"x":"Background noise does more than make recording difficult; it also fragments attention, forcing an interviewer to work harder simply to follow what is being said, which..."},{"t":"Listening for Contradictions Across an Hour","u":"/posts/lb-listening-for-contradictions-across-an-hour.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":161,"d":"01:04","o":90,"x":"A single answer rarely contradicts itself, but two answers given twenty minutes apart sometimes do, and catching that kind of contradiction requires holding the entire..."},{"t":"Empathetic Listening Without Agreeing","u":"/posts/lb-empathetic-listening-without-agreeing.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":171,"d":"01:08","o":91,"x":"An interviewer can convey genuine understanding of why a subject feels the way they do without endorsing the position itself, and learning to hold that distinction is..."},{"t":"Listening for Humour","u":"/posts/lb-listening-for-humour.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":152,"d":"01:01","o":92,"x":"A joke, offered mid answer, is rarely just decoration. It can soften a difficult admission, deflect from a topic a subject would rather not sit with, or simply reveal..."},{"t":"The Sentence Someone Does Not Finish","u":"/posts/lb-the-sentence-someone-does-not-finish.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":152,"d":"01:01","o":93,"x":"An unfinished sentence, trailing off mid thought, is one of the richest and most overlooked signals in an interview. Something stopped the subject from completing it..."},{"t":"Listening on the Phone Versus in Person","u":"/posts/lb-listening-on-the-phone-versus-in-person.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":151,"d":"01:00","o":94,"x":"A phone interview strips away every visual cue an interviewer might otherwise rely on, leaving voice as the only available channel. This forces a different, sharper kind..."},{"t":"Listening for Claims Worth Checking Later","u":"/posts/lb-listening-for-claims-worth-checking-later.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":160,"d":"01:04","o":95,"x":"Not every claim made in an interview can be verified in the moment, and a good interviewer develops the habit of quietly flagging, without interrupting the flow of..."},{"t":"Listening When a Colleague Also Questions","u":"/posts/lb-listening-when-a-colleague-also-questions.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":171,"d":"01:08","o":96,"x":"Two interviewers sharing a single sitting must divide their attention differently than one working alone: listening not only to the subject but to a colleague's..."},{"t":"Listening for a Shift in Emotion","u":"/posts/lb-listening-for-a-shift-in-emotion.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":153,"d":"01:01","o":97,"x":"A subject's emotional register rarely stays constant across a long conversation, and noticing the exact point where it shifts, from ease into guardedness, or from..."},{"t":"The Risk of Going Quiet Too Long","u":"/posts/lb-the-risk-of-going-quiet-too-long.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":156,"d":"01:02","o":98,"x":"Silence is a useful tool, but it has limits. Held too long past the point where a subject has genuinely finished, it can shift from productive pressure into something..."},{"t":"Listening for the Story Behind the Fact","u":"/posts/lb-listening-for-the-story-behind-the-fact.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":153,"d":"01:01","o":99,"x":"A subject who states a fact plainly, without elaboration, is often sitting on a fuller story they have not yet decided to tell. Listening for the fact that seems to..."},{"t":"A Second Recorder as a Second Ear","u":"/posts/lb-a-second-recorder-as-a-second-ear.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":166,"d":"01:06","o":100,"x":"Knowing that a reliable backup recording exists frees an interviewer to listen more fully in the moment, without the nagging worry of whether every detail is being..."},{"t":"Listening for Cultural Cues","u":"/posts/lb-listening-for-cultural-cues.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":160,"d":"01:04","o":101,"x":"Silence, directness, and even eye contact carry different meanings across different cultural contexts, and an interviewer who reads every subject through a single..."},{"t":"Listening to Silence Itself","u":"/posts/lb-listening-to-silence-itself.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":157,"d":"01:03","o":102,"x":"Silence is not an absence of information; it is itself a kind of signal, and learning to listen to it, rather than simply waiting for it to end, gives an interviewer a..."},{"t":"Telling Rehearsed From Spontaneous Speech","u":"/posts/lb-telling-rehearsed-from-spontaneous-speech.html","c":"listening-technique","cn":"Listening technique","w":159,"d":"01:04","o":103,"x":"Spontaneous speech tends to be messier than rehearsed speech: more false starts, more mid-sentence corrections, a less even rhythm overall. Learning to hear that..."},{"t":"Researching a Subject Before the Sit Down","u":"/posts/lb-researching-a-subject-before-the-sit-down.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":189,"d":"01:16","o":104,"x":"Arriving with a genuine understanding of a subject's background changes the entire tone of an interview. It allows questions to start from where the subject actually is..."},{"t":"Drafting More Questions Than You Need","u":"/posts/lb-drafting-more-questions-than-you-need.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":190,"d":"01:16","o":105,"x":"Writing far more questions than an interview could possibly use is not wasted effort. The process of generating a long list forces an interviewer to think through a..."},{"t":"The Value of a Pre Interview Call","u":"/posts/lb-the-value-of-a-pre-interview-call.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":185,"d":"01:14","o":106,"x":"A short conversation before the recorded interview, covering logistics and expectations rather than substantive questions, does quiet but valuable work. It gives a..."},{"t":"Setting the Physical Space","u":"/posts/lb-setting-the-physical-space.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":185,"d":"01:14","o":107,"x":"The room shapes the conversation before a single question is asked. Harsh lighting, an uncomfortable chair, or a setting that feels exposed can all make a subject..."},{"t":"Choosing the Right Recording Equipment","u":"/posts/lb-choosing-the-right-recording-equipment.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":181,"d":"01:12","o":108,"x":"A recording that fails partway through an interview cannot be recovered, no matter how good the conversation was. Reliable, well tested equipment is not a glamorous part..."},{"t":"Testing Equipment Before the Subject Arrives","u":"/posts/lb-testing-equipment-before-the-subject-arrives.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":169,"d":"01:08","o":109,"x":"Checking recording levels, battery charge, and storage space before a subject sits down protects against the single most preventable failure in the craft: arriving..."},{"t":"Planning the Opening Minute","u":"/posts/lb-planning-the-opening-minute.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":166,"d":"01:06","o":110,"x":"The first sixty seconds of an interview rarely contain the most important material, but they set the tone for everything that follows. A calm, clear opening, explaining..."},{"t":"Anticipating the Difficult Topic","u":"/posts/lb-anticipating-the-difficult-topic.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":165,"d":"01:06","o":111,"x":"Every substantial interview eventually approaches at least one topic the subject may find uncomfortable, and thinking through how to raise it beforehand, rather than..."},{"t":"Preparing a Subject for a Hard Question","u":"/posts/lb-preparing-a-subject-for-a-hard-question.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":165,"d":"01:06","o":112,"x":"A brief, honest warning that a difficult question is coming, offered just before it is asked, often produces a more considered answer than the same question sprung..."},{"t":"Agreeing on Ground Rules Beforehand","u":"/posts/lb-agreeing-on-ground-rules-beforehand.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":162,"d":"01:05","o":113,"x":"Settling basic expectations before an interview begins, how long it will run, what topics are in bounds, whether any material will be off the record, removes a layer of..."},{"t":"Preparing Follow Up Branches","u":"/posts/lb-preparing-follow-up-branches.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":176,"d":"01:10","o":114,"x":"Rather than writing a single linear list of questions, some interviewers prepare branching paths: if a subject answers one way, a particular follow up awaits; if they..."},{"t":"Research Versus Over Preparation","u":"/posts/lb-research-versus-over-preparation.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":177,"d":"01:11","o":115,"x":"There is a point past which further research stops sharpening an interviewer's questions and starts narrowing them instead, locking in assumptions before the subject has..."},{"t":"Preparing for a Nervous Subject","u":"/posts/lb-preparing-for-a-nervous-subject.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":161,"d":"01:04","o":116,"x":"A subject who has never been interviewed before often carries a nervousness that has little to do with the actual content of the conversation and everything to do with..."},{"t":"Scheduling and Time Management","u":"/posts/lb-scheduling-and-time-management.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":170,"d":"01:08","o":117,"x":"An interview scheduled too tightly against a subject's other commitments rarely reaches its full depth, since both parties remain aware of the clock throughout, and that..."},{"t":"Preparing a Translator","u":"/posts/lb-preparing-a-translator.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":161,"d":"01:04","o":118,"x":"A translator brought into an interview benefits enormously from the same preparation as the interviewer: a sense of the topic, the subject's background, and any..."},{"t":"Briefing a Second Chair","u":"/posts/lb-briefing-a-second-chair.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":168,"d":"01:07","o":119,"x":"When a second interviewer joins a sitting, clarity beforehand about roles prevents the awkwardness of two people reaching for the same question at once, or worse..."},{"t":"Note Cards Versus a Full Script","u":"/posts/lb-note-cards-versus-a-full-script.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":156,"d":"01:02","o":120,"x":"A full script, with every question written out in complete sentences, offers precision but can trap an interviewer into reading rather than genuinely conversing. Brief..."},{"t":"Preparing for Silence","u":"/posts/lb-preparing-for-silence.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":156,"d":"01:02","o":121,"x":"Knowing in advance that silence will arise, and deciding beforehand how to sit with it rather than rushing to fill it, is itself a form of preparation many interviewers..."},{"t":"Planning an Exit From the Interview","u":"/posts/lb-planning-an-exit-from-the-interview.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":168,"d":"01:07","o":122,"x":"Just as an opening sets the tone for a sitting, a planned closing brings it to a considered end rather than an abrupt stop the moment the last prepared question has been..."},{"t":"Dress and Demeanour as Preparation","u":"/posts/lb-dress-and-demeanour-as-preparation.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":169,"d":"01:08","o":123,"x":"What an interviewer wears and how they carry themselves communicates something before a single word is exchanged, and thinking through that impression in advance..."},{"t":"Preparing for a Remote Interview","u":"/posts/lb-preparing-for-a-remote-interview.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":157,"d":"01:03","o":124,"x":"An interview conducted over video or phone loses some of the cues a shared room provides, and preparing for that loss, rather than simply proceeding as though nothing..."},{"t":"Checking Consent Beforehand","u":"/posts/lb-checking-consent-beforehand.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":167,"d":"01:07","o":125,"x":"Confirming that a subject understands and agrees to how an interview will be recorded and used, before any substantive question is asked, is not merely a formality. It..."},{"t":"Preparing a Running Order for Multiple Subjects","u":"/posts/lb-preparing-a-running-order-for-multiple-subjects.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":167,"d":"01:07","o":126,"x":"When several subjects will be interviewed for the same piece of work, the order in which they are approached can shape what each conversation ultimately yields, since..."},{"t":"The Mental Warm Up Before Sitting Down","u":"/posts/lb-the-mental-warm-up-before-sitting-down.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":170,"d":"01:08","o":127,"x":"The minutes immediately before an interview begins are worth protecting deliberately: a moment to set aside whatever came before, review the shape of the coming..."},{"t":"Preparing for Technical Failure","u":"/posts/lb-preparing-for-technical-failure.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":152,"d":"01:01","o":128,"x":"Equipment fails eventually, however well maintained, and thinking through a plan in advance, rather than improvising in a moment of stress, protects both the material..."},{"t":"Preparing Questions for a Written Response","u":"/posts/lb-preparing-questions-for-a-written-response.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":184,"d":"01:14","o":129,"x":"Questions intended for a written rather than spoken answer need a different kind of care in their drafting, since there will be no opportunity to clarify or rephrase in..."},{"t":"Preparing the Room for Comfort","u":"/posts/lb-preparing-the-room-for-comfort.html","c":"preparing-well","cn":"Preparing well","w":157,"d":"01:03","o":130,"x":"Physical comfort is easy to overlook amid the more obviously intellectual work of preparing questions, yet a subject who is too cold, too cramped, or simply uneasy in..."},{"t":"Reading Between the Lines","u":"/posts/lb-reading-between-the-lines.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":187,"d":"01:15","o":131,"x":"Every answer carries two layers: the plain content of what was said, and the shape of how it was said, which often tells a different and more revealing story. Learning..."},{"t":"Spotting the Rehearsed Answer","u":"/posts/lb-spotting-the-rehearsed-answer.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":160,"d":"01:04","o":132,"x":"A rehearsed answer tends to arrive too smoothly: consistent phrasing, a practised cadence, little of the searching or self-correction that spontaneous speech usually..."},{"t":"Evasion Versus Genuine Uncertainty","u":"/posts/lb-evasion-versus-genuine-uncertainty.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":163,"d":"01:05","o":133,"x":"A vague answer can mean two very different things: a subject who genuinely does not remember or does not know, or a subject who knows perfectly well and is choosing not..."},{"t":"Reading Tone Against the Words Used","u":"/posts/lb-reading-tone-against-the-words-used.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":158,"d":"01:03","o":134,"x":"The literal content of an answer and the tone it arrives in do not always agree, and when they diverge, the tone is often the more honest signal. A subject who says..."},{"t":"Reading the Pause Before an Answer","u":"/posts/lb-reading-the-pause-before-an-answer.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":165,"d":"01:06","o":135,"x":"The length and quality of a pause before a subject speaks carries information distinct from the words that eventually follow it. A brief, comfortable pause suggests..."},{"t":"Reading a Sudden Change of Subject","u":"/posts/lb-reading-a-sudden-change-of-subject.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":177,"d":"01:11","o":136,"x":"When a subject abruptly shifts away from a topic mid-answer, moving to something unrelated without any natural transition, the shift itself is often worth noting even..."},{"t":"Over Explanation as a Signal","u":"/posts/lb-over-explanation-as-a-signal.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":162,"d":"01:05","o":137,"x":"An answer that goes on considerably longer than the question seemed to require, circling back to justify a simple point several times over, is sometimes a sign that the..."},{"t":"Humour as Deflection","u":"/posts/lb-humour-as-deflection.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":161,"d":"01:04","o":138,"x":"A joke offered at exactly the moment a difficult topic arises deserves a second look. Humour can be entirely genuine, but it can equally serve as a graceful way to step..."},{"t":"Reading Consistency Across a Long Answer","u":"/posts/lb-reading-consistency-across-a-long-answer.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":171,"d":"01:08","o":139,"x":"A lengthy answer offers more material to check for internal consistency than a brief one does, and noticing whether the details offered near the end still align with..."},{"t":"Reading Body Language in the Room","u":"/posts/lb-reading-body-language-in-the-room.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":160,"d":"01:04","o":140,"x":"Physical posture during an answer carries its own layer of meaning: a subject who leans forward while describing something tends to be genuinely engaged with the memory..."},{"t":"Reading Enthusiasm","u":"/posts/lb-reading-enthusiasm.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":161,"d":"01:04","o":141,"x":"Genuine enthusiasm in an answer is usually easy to spot: a faster pace, a brighter tone, unprompted extra detail offered without being asked. Recognising it matters..."},{"t":"Reading Reluctance","u":"/posts/lb-reading-reluctance.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":158,"d":"01:03","o":142,"x":"Reluctance shows itself in small, cumulative signs: shorter answers than elsewhere in the conversation, a slower pace, less eye contact, a subtle physical closing off..."},{"t":"Reading the Non Answer","u":"/posts/lb-reading-the-non-answer.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":167,"d":"01:07","o":143,"x":"A non-answer, a response that technically addresses the question's topic while carefully avoiding its actual substance, is one of the more sophisticated forms of..."},{"t":"Repetition as Emphasis","u":"/posts/lb-repetition-as-emphasis.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":176,"d":"01:10","o":144,"x":"When a subject returns to the same point more than once within a single answer, unprompted, that repetition is rarely accidental. It usually signals a fact or feeling..."},{"t":"The Answer That Answers a Different Question","u":"/posts/lb-the-answer-that-answers-a-different-question.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":172,"d":"01:09","o":145,"x":"Occasionally a subject responds fluently and at length, yet on close listening the answer addresses a slightly different question than the one actually asked. This is..."},{"t":"Confidence Versus Bravado","u":"/posts/lb-confidence-versus-bravado.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":160,"d":"01:04","o":146,"x":"Genuine confidence in an answer tends to sit calmly, without needing to be asserted repeatedly or defended against a challenge that has not actually been raised..."},{"t":"Reading Vague Quantifiers","u":"/posts/lb-reading-vague-quantifiers.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":154,"d":"01:02","o":147,"x":"Words like several, many, or a lot sound informative but carry almost no precise content on their own, and a subject who consistently reaches for vague quantifiers..."},{"t":"Reading the Qualifier Honestly","u":"/posts/lb-reading-the-qualifier-honestly.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":157,"d":"01:03","o":148,"x":"A subject who prefaces a statement with honestly, or a similar qualifier, is drawing attention to the sincerity of what follows, which can mean exactly what it says, or..."},{"t":"Reading the Shape of an Answer","u":"/posts/lb-reading-the-shape-of-an-answer.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":158,"d":"01:03","o":149,"x":"Beyond its content, an answer has a shape: does it move in a straight line toward a conclusion, circle around the point several times before landing, or trail off..."},{"t":"Reading the Silence After an Answer","u":"/posts/lb-reading-the-silence-after-an-answer.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":161,"d":"01:04","o":150,"x":"The moment just after a subject finishes speaking, before either party says anything further, often carries its own information. A subject who seems settled and at ease..."},{"t":"Reading What an Answer Protects","u":"/posts/lb-reading-what-an-answer-protects.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":163,"d":"01:05","o":151,"x":"Every answer is shaped partly by what a subject is trying to protect, whether that is their own reputation, someone else's privacy, or simply a version of events they..."},{"t":"Reading Corrections and Self Interruptions","u":"/posts/lb-reading-corrections-and-self-interruptions.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":165,"d":"01:06","o":152,"x":"A subject who interrupts themselves mid-sentence to correct a detail, restate a point more carefully, or walk back a word just used is offering a small but genuine..."},{"t":"Reading Answers Given Under Time Pressure","u":"/posts/lb-reading-answers-given-under-time-pressure.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":162,"d":"01:05","o":153,"x":"An answer given when a subject is aware time is short differs meaningfully from the same answer given with room to spare. Time pressure tends to compress an account..."},{"t":"Reading Written Answers Differently From Spoken Ones","u":"/posts/lb-reading-written-answers-differently-from-spoken-ones.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":158,"d":"01:03","o":154,"x":"A written answer has typically been revised before it reaches the interviewer, smoothed of the hesitations and self-corrections that a spoken answer naturally contains..."},{"t":"Reading an Answer Within Its Context","u":"/posts/lb-reading-an-answer-within-its-context.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":159,"d":"01:04","o":155,"x":"The same sentence can carry different weight depending on where it falls within a conversation: an offhand remark early on, before trust has fully built, means something..."},{"t":"Reading the Answer That Arrives Too Polished","u":"/posts/lb-reading-the-answer-that-arrives-too-polished.html","c":"reading-answers","cn":"Reading answers","w":161,"d":"01:04","o":156,"x":"An answer that sounds unusually complete, arriving with the structure and cadence of something already written rather than spoken for the first time, is worth a second..."},{"t":"Open Questions Versus Closed Questions","u":"/posts/lb-open-questions-versus-closed-questions.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":197,"d":"01:19","o":157,"x":"A closed question asks for a fact and receives one: a date, a yes, a number confirmed. An open question asks for a world and receives a story. The interviewer who wants..."},{"t":"The Art of the Follow Up Question","u":"/posts/lb-the-art-of-the-follow-up-question.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":194,"d":"01:18","o":158,"x":"The first question opens a door. The follow up decides whether anyone walks through it. Many interviewers treat their prepared list as the whole conversation, moving to..."},{"t":"Avoiding the Leading Question","u":"/posts/lb-avoiding-the-leading-question.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":202,"d":"01:21","o":159,"x":"A leading question hands the subject their answer before they have spoken. Asking someone whether a decision felt reckless already supplies the verdict; asking how they..."},{"t":"The Power of Silence After Asking","u":"/posts/lb-the-power-of-silence-after-asking.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":197,"d":"01:19","o":160,"x":"Most people cannot tolerate a silence for more than a few seconds. An interviewer who asks a question and then simply waits, resisting the urge to soften it or offer an..."},{"t":"Asking One Question at a Time","u":"/posts/lb-asking-one-question-at-a-time.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":150,"d":"01:00","o":161,"x":"Stack three questions into one breath and a subject will answer the easiest of them, or the last one they remember, or none at all while they try to hold the others in..."},{"t":"The What Happened Next Prompt","u":"/posts/lb-the-what-happened-next-prompt.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":200,"d":"01:20","o":162,"x":"Few prompts do as much work as the plain request to continue. A subject who has just described the start of an event, offered without much detail, will often keep going..."},{"t":"Questions That Invite a Story, Not a Summary","u":"/posts/lb-questions-that-invite-a-story-not-a-summary.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":190,"d":"01:16","o":163,"x":"Asked to summarise, most people reach for the tidy version they have told before: three sentences, a lesson at the end, all the mess smoothed out. Asked to walk through..."},{"t":"Curiosity Versus Interrogation","u":"/posts/lb-curiosity-versus-interrogation.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":193,"d":"01:17","o":164,"x":"The words used in a question matter less than the posture behind them. Two interviewers can ask nearly identical questions, yet one sounds like genuine curiosity while..."},{"t":"Asking About Feeling Rather Than Fact","u":"/posts/lb-asking-about-feeling-rather-than-fact.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":192,"d":"01:17","o":165,"x":"Facts are usually available elsewhere: records, documents, other witnesses. What a subject alone can supply is how something felt to live through, and an interviewer who..."},{"t":"The Hypothetical Question","u":"/posts/lb-the-hypothetical-question.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":200,"d":"01:20","o":166,"x":"Asking someone what they would do differently, or how a different choice might have played out, sidesteps a defensiveness that a direct question about a mistake often..."},{"t":"Repairing a Stalled Answer With a Question","u":"/posts/lb-repairing-a-stalled-answer-with-a-question.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":198,"d":"01:19","o":167,"x":"Every interview hits a moment where an answer trails off, circles back on itself, or simply stops making sense. The instinct to move on quickly is understandable, but a..."},{"t":"The Callback Question","u":"/posts/lb-the-callback-question.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":156,"d":"01:02","o":168,"x":"Returning to something said twenty minutes earlier, and asking the subject to connect it to what they have just said, does two things at once: it proves the interviewer..."},{"t":"Avoiding the Compound Question","u":"/posts/lb-avoiding-the-compound-question.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":195,"d":"01:18","o":169,"x":"A compound question smuggles two or three questions inside one sentence, joined by an easy word like and or or. The subject, faced with several targets at once..."},{"t":"Building a Question From the Last Answer","u":"/posts/lb-building-a-question-from-the-last-answer.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":193,"d":"01:17","o":170,"x":"A prepared list of questions is a scaffold, not a script, and the most alive interviews depart from it constantly. Building the next question out of the words the..."},{"t":"The Warm Up Question","u":"/posts/lb-the-warm-up-question.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":196,"d":"01:18","o":171,"x":"The first question of an interview rarely appears in the final piece, yet it shapes everything that follows. A low stakes opening, easy to answer and free of any hidden..."},{"t":"Naming a Contradiction Gently","u":"/posts/lb-naming-a-contradiction-gently.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":193,"d":"01:17","o":172,"x":"When a subject's account shifts partway through an interview, the temptation is to pounce, framing the discrepancy as a catch. A gentler route, simply noting the two..."},{"t":"The Tell Me About a Time Prompt","u":"/posts/lb-the-tell-me-about-a-time-prompt.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":191,"d":"01:16","o":173,"x":"Abstract questions produce abstract answers. Asked whether they are a patient person, most subjects will simply assert that they are; asked to describe a specific time..."},{"t":"Questions That Invite Disagreement","u":"/posts/lb-questions-that-invite-disagreement.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":197,"d":"01:19","o":174,"x":"A subject who senses that only one answer will please the interviewer tends to supply that answer, whether or not it is true. Building genuine room for disagreement into..."},{"t":"The Specificity Ladder","u":"/posts/lb-the-specificity-ladder.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":192,"d":"01:17","o":175,"x":"Broad questions are easier to ask but harder to answer well, and a subject given only broad questions will often respond in equally broad terms. Moving down a ladder of..."},{"t":"Checking Understanding Through a Question","u":"/posts/lb-checking-understanding-through-a-question.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":190,"d":"01:16","o":176,"x":"Restating what a subject has just said, then asking whether that restatement is accurate, does more than confirm a fact. It shows the subject that their words are being..."},{"t":"Keeping Jargon Out of a Question","u":"/posts/lb-keeping-jargon-out-of-a-question.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":194,"d":"01:18","o":177,"x":"Technical language borrowed from a subject's own field can make an interviewer sound informed, but it often narrows the answer to match the jargon rather than opening it..."},{"t":"The Permission Question","u":"/posts/lb-the-permission-question.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":197,"d":"01:19","o":178,"x":"Before turning toward a sensitive topic, a short question asking whether the subject is willing to discuss it does real work beyond simple courtesy. It signals respect..."},{"t":"Asking About Process, Not Just Outcome","u":"/posts/lb-asking-about-process-not-just-outcome.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":185,"d":"01:14","o":179,"x":"Outcomes are easy to ask about and easy to summarise, but they flatten everything that led up to them. Asking instead how a subject arrived at a decision, step by step..."},{"t":"The Counterfactual Question","u":"/posts/lb-the-counterfactual-question.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":188,"d":"01:15","o":180,"x":"Asking a subject what might have happened had one detail been different forces them to articulate assumptions they may never have stated outright. The counterfactual..."},{"t":"Questions With a Built In Escape Hatch","u":"/posts/lb-questions-with-a-built-in-escape-hatch.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":193,"d":"01:17","o":181,"x":"A question that offers a subject a graceful way to say they are unsure, rather than forcing a confident answer they do not feel, tends to produce more accurate..."},{"t":"The Closing Question That Invites More","u":"/posts/lb-the-closing-question-that-invites-more.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":184,"d":"01:14","o":182,"x":"Ending an interview with a simple invitation, asking whether there is anything the subject expected to be asked but was not, regularly produces some of the strongest..."},{"t":"Questions for a Reluctant Subject","u":"/posts/lb-questions-for-a-reluctant-subject.html","c":"the-craft-of-questions","cn":"The craft of questions","w":182,"d":"01:13","o":183,"x":"A subject who did not particularly want to sit down for an interview requires a different rhythm than a willing one. Short, low pressure questions early on, with no..."},{"t":"Verbatim Versus Clean Transcription","u":"/posts/lb-verbatim-versus-clean-transcription.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":158,"d":"01:03","o":184,"x":"A verbatim transcript captures every stumble, repetition, and half finished sentence exactly as spoken, preserving the texture of real speech at the cost of easy..."},{"t":"Marking Pauses and Overlaps","u":"/posts/lb-marking-pauses-and-overlaps.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":151,"d":"01:00","o":185,"x":"A pause before an answer, or two speakers talking over each other, carries information that a purely word for word transcript can lose entirely. Marking these moments..."},{"t":"Transcribing an Accent Faithfully","u":"/posts/lb-transcribing-an-accent-faithfully.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":166,"d":"01:06","o":186,"x":"Rendering a subject's speech into text raises a genuine question of respect: transcribing an accent phonetically can preserve authenticity, but it can also, handled..."},{"t":"Transcribing for Accessibility","u":"/posts/lb-transcribing-for-accessibility.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":156,"d":"01:02","o":187,"x":"A transcript serves readers who cannot hear the original recording at all, whether due to hearing loss, a preference for reading, or simply a setting where audio is not..."},{"t":"The Ethics of Editing a Quote","u":"/posts/lb-the-ethics-of-editing-a-quote.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":152,"d":"01:01","o":188,"x":"Cleaning up a spoken quote for print, removing filler words or tightening a rambling sentence, is common practice, but it carries real responsibility: the edited version..."},{"t":"Transcribing Multiple Speakers at Once","u":"/posts/lb-transcribing-multiple-speakers-at-once.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":155,"d":"01:02","o":189,"x":"A conversation with several people talking, sometimes over each other, presents a genuine challenge for accurate transcription, since overlapping speech can be difficult..."},{"t":"The Discipline of Timestamping","u":"/posts/lb-the-discipline-of-timestamping.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":155,"d":"01:02","o":190,"x":"Marking the time at intervals throughout a transcript, tying the written text back to specific points in the original recording, makes later verification considerably..."},{"t":"Transcribing Non Verbal Sounds","u":"/posts/lb-transcribing-non-verbal-sounds.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":163,"d":"01:05","o":191,"x":"A laugh, a sigh, a long intake of breath before a difficult answer: these sounds carry meaning that pure words cannot capture, and deciding whether and how to note them..."},{"t":"Choosing Punctuation to Represent Speech","u":"/posts/lb-choosing-punctuation-to-represent-speech.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":162,"d":"01:05","o":192,"x":"Spoken language rarely arrives in tidy sentences, and punctuating a transcript requires judgement calls that written prose does not: where does one thought genuinely end..."},{"t":"Transcribing Across Languages","u":"/posts/lb-transcribing-across-languages.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":156,"d":"01:02","o":193,"x":"An interview conducted partly or entirely in a language other than the one it will eventually be published in requires a further layer of judgement beyond ordinary..."},{"t":"Software Against the Human Ear","u":"/posts/lb-software-against-the-human-ear.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":169,"d":"01:08","o":194,"x":"Automated transcription tools have grown considerably more capable, handling straightforward audio quickly and cheaply, but they still stumble on accents, overlapping..."},{"t":"Checking a Transcript Against the Recording","u":"/posts/lb-checking-a-transcript-against-the-recording.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":161,"d":"01:04","o":195,"x":"However careful the original transcription, a second pass listening back against the finished text catches errors that slip through even attentive first efforts: a..."},{"t":"Redacting Sensitive Material","u":"/posts/lb-redacting-sensitive-material.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":164,"d":"01:06","o":196,"x":"Some material captured during an interview should never reach a wider audience: private details about a third party, information that could cause genuine harm if..."},{"t":"Transcribing for Broadcast Versus Print","u":"/posts/lb-transcribing-for-broadcast-versus-print.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":156,"d":"01:02","o":197,"x":"A transcript intended to support a broadcast piece serves a different purpose than one intended for print: the broadcast version exists mainly as a production reference..."},{"t":"The Role of the Ellipsis","u":"/posts/lb-the-role-of-the-ellipsis.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":151,"d":"01:00","o":198,"x":"Three small dots can mean several different things in a transcript: a trailing, unfinished thought, an omitted section of speech, or simply a natural pause, and using..."},{"t":"Marking Hesitation","u":"/posts/lb-marking-hesitation.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":165,"d":"01:06","o":199,"x":"Filled pauses, the small sounds people make while thinking, carry information about how easily an answer came, and a transcript that removes every one of them uniformly..."},{"t":"Formatting a Long Monologue","u":"/posts/lb-formatting-a-long-monologue.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":173,"d":"01:09","o":200,"x":"A subject who speaks at length without interruption presents a formatting challenge distinct from ordinary back and forth exchange: a long, unbroken block of text can be..."},{"t":"Transcribing Crosstalk","u":"/posts/lb-transcribing-crosstalk.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":169,"d":"01:08","o":201,"x":"When two people speak simultaneously, capturing both threads accurately in text requires a clear convention, since standard left to right reading cannot represent two..."},{"t":"Archiving a Transcript","u":"/posts/lb-archiving-a-transcript.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":165,"d":"01:06","o":202,"x":"A transcript's usefulness rarely ends the moment the immediate piece of work is finished. Properly archived, with clear metadata about the subject, date, and context of..."},{"t":"Transcribing for the Legal Record","u":"/posts/lb-transcribing-for-the-legal-record.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":165,"d":"01:06","o":203,"x":"A transcript intended for legal purposes demands a level of precision beyond almost any other context, since the exact words used, in the exact order spoken, may later..."},{"t":"Proofreading a Transcript","u":"/posts/lb-proofreading-a-transcript.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":167,"d":"01:07","o":204,"x":"A final proofreading pass, separate from the original transcription and the audio check that follows it, catches a different category of error: typographical mistakes..."},{"t":"Transcribing Dialect and Idiom","u":"/posts/lb-transcribing-dialect-and-idiom.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":155,"d":"01:02","o":205,"x":"A subject's particular way of phrasing something, an idiom or a regional turn of speech, carries character that a more standardised rewording would flatten. Preserving..."},{"t":"The Transcript as a Working Document","u":"/posts/lb-the-transcript-as-a-working-document.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":164,"d":"01:06","o":206,"x":"Before it becomes a finished, published record, a transcript often serves as a working tool: something an interviewer marks up, annotates, and returns to repeatedly..."},{"t":"Transcribing Under Deadline","u":"/posts/lb-transcribing-under-deadline.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":157,"d":"01:03","o":207,"x":"Time pressure changes how transcription gets done, favouring speed over the thoroughness a more relaxed schedule would allow, and recognising that trade-off honestly..."},{"t":"Transcribing for Research Coding","u":"/posts/lb-transcribing-for-research-coding.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":161,"d":"01:04","o":208,"x":"Transcripts intended for systematic research analysis, where responses will later be coded into categories or themes, benefit from a particular kind of consistency..."},{"t":"A Transcript Is Not a Script","u":"/posts/lb-a-transcript-is-not-a-script.html","c":"transcription-craft","cn":"Transcription craft","w":151,"d":"01:00","o":209,"x":"A transcript records what was said; a script, by contrast, is often written in advance of a performance and does not necessarily reflect what was actually spoken aloud..."}]